Design guidelines for tube sheet and tube bundle matching

The design of tube sheet and tube bundle matching requires comprehensive consideration of materials, manufacturing processes, and structural parameters. Material matching should ensure a moderate hardness difference between the tube sheet and the tubes to avoid stress concentration. In terms of process selection, expansion joining is suitable for pressures ≤ 2.5 MPa, while welding requires control of the heat-affected zone. Structural design requires optimizing parameters such as hole bridge width and tube layout area through finite element analysis to ensure uniform stress distribution.